Social protection in the 21st century in Latin America will be strongly conditioned by labor informality, automation and digitalization of production processes and, especially, by the accelerated aging of the population. Indeed, in the next 30 years, the proportion of Latin Americans aged at least 65 years will double, to reach almost 18%. This report focuses on the nature of the challenges that social protection systems face and the public policies to address them. Its primary focus is on pensions and the provision of healthcare services for older adults. It aims to provide a comprehensive and in-depth view of both systems, taking into account the interactions between the demographic structure, the labor market and the factors that determine their financial equilibrium and sustainability. It also offers some keys to building quality and financially sustainable social protection for the elderly.